The synod decided that those who had continued to attend services at Grace Lutheran had been disloyal to the ELCA and had to be moved from the list of voting members to the list of associate members, and that the keys to the property of Grace Lutheran had to be handed over to the members of Amazing Grace Lutheran. quoted from Mel Harris' post
If this is accurate, by what authority does the synod act to remove members of a congregation from membership of that congregation?
If you are looking for a constitutional grant of authority, you won't find one.
So why did the judge rule as she did? Courts can apply "neutral principles of law" in deciding disputes between members of a church body when the decision doesn't touch on religious principles. However, judges are very concerned that they will cross into religious principles. Thus, more often than not, judges will do what they can to avoid deciding litigation between members of a church body. Instead, they try to decide who in the dispute has the right to decide the matter and will enforce the decision of that party. The courts generally have recognized two models -- the congregational (e.g., the Baptists) and the hierarchical (e.g., the Catholics). If a church body is congregational, judges will enforce the congregation's position. If it is hierarchical, the court will enforce the church body's position (or in a case like this, the synod's). It doesn't matter if the position of the congregation or church body lines up with the governing documents. The party empowered to enforce its position (the congregation or church body) can do almost whatever it wants.
So what is the ELCA, congregational or hierarchical? Arguably, it is neither. It is, to use ELCA-speak an interdependent church composed of three expressions of church -- church wide, synodical, and congregational. What is a judge to make of this complicated structure?
A congregation might well argue that governance structure is not a doctrinal matter within Lutheranism and that the judge therefore should feel free to dive into the governing documents and to apply them according to their plain meaning. Some judges might just accept this invitation. Frankly, I think that they should. But as we've seen, some judges, especially Catholic judges, just aren't comfortable with this. Not when the governing documents plainly give synods at least some authority over congregations. And the ELCA is willing in court to characterize itself, not as interdependent, but as hierarchical. Once the ELCA or a synod makes and wins this argument, the language of the governing documents means nothing. The synod has absolute power to do whatever it pleases.